Contexts can be modified during interpretation with Scheme code. The syntax for this is
\applyContext function
function should be a Scheme function taking a single argument, being the context to apply it to. The following code will print the current bar number on the standard output during the compile:
\applyContext #(lambda (x) (format #t "\nWe were called in barnumber ~a.\n" (ly:context-property x 'currentBarNumber)))
This page is for LilyPond-2.10.33 (stable-branch).