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There is limited support for Gregorian square neumes notation (following the style of the Editio Vaticana). Core ligatures can already be typeset, but essential issues for serious typesetting are still lacking, such as (among others) horizontal alignment of multiple ligatures, lyrics alignment and proper handling of accidentals.
The following table contains the extended neumes table of the 2nd volume of the Antiphonale Romanum (Liber Hymnarius), published 1983 by the monks of Solesmes.
Neuma aut Neumarum Elementa |
Figurae Rectae |
Figurae Liquescentes Auctae |
Figurae Liquescentes Deminutae |
1. Punctum
|
| ||
2. Virga
|
| ||
3. Apostropha vel Stropha
|
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4. Oriscus
|
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5. Clivis vel Flexa
|
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6. Podatus vel Pes
|
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7. Pes Quassus
|
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8. Quilisma Pes
|
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9. Podatus Initio Debilis
|
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10. Torculus
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11. Torculus Initio Debilis
|
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12. Porrectus
|
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13. Climacus
|
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14. Scandicus
|
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15. Salicus
|
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16. Trigonus
|
|
Unlike most other neumes notation systems, the input language for
neumes does not reflect the typographical appearance, but is designed
to focus on musical meaning. For example, \[ a \pes b
\flexa g \]
produces a Torculus consisting of three Punctum heads,
while \[ a \flexa g \pes b \]
produces a Porrectus with a
curved flexa shape and only a single Punctum head. There is no
command to explicitly typeset the curved flexa shape; the decision of
when to typeset a curved flexa shape is based on the musical
input. The idea of this approach is to separate the musical aspects
of the input from the notation style of the output. This way, the
same input can be reused to typeset the same music in a different
style of Gregorian chant notation.
The following table shows the code fragments that produce the
ligatures in the above neumes table. The letter in the first column
in each line of the below table indicates to which ligature in the
above table it refers. The second column gives the name of the
ligature. The third column shows the code fragment that produces this
ligature, using g
, a
, and b
as example pitches.
# | Name |
Input Language
|
a | Punctum |
\[ b \]
|
b | Punctum Inclinatum |
\[ \inclinatum b \]
|
c |
Punctum Auctum Ascendens |
\[ \auctum \ascendens b \]
|
d |
Punctum Auctum Descendens |
\[ \auctum \descendens b \]
|
e |
Punctum Inclinatum Auctum |
\[ \inclinatum \auctum b \]
|
f |
Punctum Inclinatum Parvum |
\[ \inclinatum \deminutum b \]
|
g | Virga |
\[ \virga b \]
|
h | Stropha |
\[ \stropha b \]
|
i | Stropha Aucta |
\[ \stropha \auctum b \]
|
j | Oriscus |
\[ \oriscus b \]
|
k | Clivis vel Flexa |
\[ b \flexa g \]
|
l |
Clivis Aucta Descendens |
\[ b \flexa \auctum \descendens g \]
|
m |
Clivis Aucta Ascendens |
\[ b \flexa \auctum \ascendens g \]
|
n | Cephalicus |
\[ b \flexa \deminutum g \]
|
o | Podatus vel Pes |
\[ g \pes b \]
|
p |
Pes Auctus Descendens |
\[ g \pes \auctum \descendens b \]
|
q |
Pes Auctus Ascendens |
\[ g \pes \auctum \ascendens b \]
|
r | Epiphonus |
\[ g \pes \deminutum b \]
|
s | Pes Quassus |
\[ \oriscus g \pes \virga b \]
|
t |
Pes Quassus Auctus Descendens |
\[ \oriscus g \pes \auctum \descendens b \]
|
u | Quilisma Pes |
\[ \quilisma g \pes b \]
|
v |
Quilisma Pes Auctus Descendens |
\[ \quilisma g \pes \auctum \descendens b \]
|
w | Pes Initio Debilis |
\[ \deminutum g \pes b \]
|
x |
Pes Auctus Descendens Initio Debilis |
\[ \deminutum g \pes \auctum \descendens b \]
|
y | Torculus |
\[ a \pes b \flexa g \]
|
z |
Torculus Auctus Descendens |
\[ a \pes b \flexa \auctum \descendens g \]
|
A | Torculus Deminutus |
\[ a \pes b \flexa \deminutum g \]
|
B | Torculus Initio Debilis |
\[ \deminutum a \pes b \flexa g \]
|
C |
Torculus Auctus Descendens Initio Debilis |
\[ \deminutum a \pes b \flexa \auctum \descendens g \]
|
D |
Torculus Deminutus Initio Debilis |
\[ \deminutum a \pes b \flexa \deminutum g \]
|
E | Porrectus |
\[ a \flexa g \pes b \]
|
F |
Porrectus Auctus Descendens |
\[ a \flexa g \pes \auctum \descendens b \]
|
G | Porrectus Deminutus |
\[ a \flexa g \pes \deminutum b \]
|
H | Climacus |
\[ \virga b \inclinatum a \inclinatum g \]
|
I | Climacus Auctus |
\[ \virga b \inclinatum a \inclinatum \auctum g \]
|
J | Climacus Deminutus |
\[ \virga b \inclinatum a \inclinatum \deminutum g \]
|
K | Scandicus |
\[ g \pes a \virga b \]
|
L |
Scandicus Auctus Descendens |
\[ g \pes a \pes \auctum \descendens b \]
|
M | Scandicus Deminutus |
\[ g \pes a \pes \deminutum b \]
|
N | Salicus |
\[ g \oriscus a \pes \virga b \]
|
O | Salicus Auctus Descendens |
\[ g \oriscus a \pes \auctum \descendens b \]
|
P | Trigonus |
\[ \stropha b \stropha b \stropha a \]
|
The ligatures listed above mainly serve as a limited, but still
representative pool of Gregorian ligature examples. Virtually, within
the ligature delimiters \[
and \]
, any number of heads
may be accumulated to form a single ligature, and head prefixes like
\pes
, \flexa
, \virga
, \inclinatum
,
etc. may be mixed in as desired. The use of the set of rules that
underlies the construction of the ligatures in the above table is
accordingly extrapolated. This way, infinitely many different
ligatures can be created.
Augmentum dots, also called morae, are added with the music
function \augmentum
. Note that \augmentum
is
implemented as a unary music function rather than as head prefix. It
applies to the immediately following music expression only. That is,
\augmentum \virga c
will have no visible effect. Instead, say
\virga \augmentum c
or \augmentum {\virga c}
. Also
note that you can say \augmentum {a g}
as a shortcut for
\augmentum a \augmentum g
.
\include "gregorian-init.ly" \score { \new VaticanaVoice { \[ \augmentum a \flexa \augmentum g \] \augmentum g } }
The following head prefixes are supported
\virga
,
\stropha
,
\inclinatum
,
\auctum
,
\descendens
,
\ascendens
,
\oriscus
,
\quilisma
,
\deminutum
,
\cavum
,
\linea
.
Head prefixes can be accumulated, though restrictions apply. For
example, either \descendens
or \ascendens
can be applied
to a head, but not both to the same head.
Two adjacent heads can be tied together with the \pes
and
\flexa
infix commands for a rising and falling line of melody,
respectively.
Use the unary music function \augmentum
to add augmentum dots.
When an \augmentum
dot appears at the end of the last staff
within a ligature, it is sometimes vertically placed wrong. As a
workaround, add an additional skip note (e.g. s8
) as last note
of the staff.
\augmentum
should be implemented as a head prefix rather than a
unary music function, such that \augmentum
can be intermixed
with head prefixes in arbitrary order.
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