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1.7.1 Inside the staff
This section discusses how to add emphasis to elements that are inside the staff.
Selecting notation font size | ||
Fingering instructions | ||
Hidden notes | ||
Coloring objects | ||
Parentheses | ||
Stems |
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Selecting notation font size
The font size of notation elements may be altered. It does not change the size of variable symbols, such as beams or slurs.
Note: For font sizes of text, see Selecting font and font size.
\huge c4.-> d8---3 \large c4.-> d8---3 \normalsize c4.-> d8---3 \small c4.-> d8---3 \tiny c4.-> d8---3 \teeny c4.-> d8---3
Internally, this sets the fontSize
property. This in turn
causes the font-size
property to be set in all layout
objects. The value of font-size
is a number indicating the
size relative to the standard size for the current staff height.
Each step up is an increase of approximately 12% of the font size.
Six steps is exactly a factor of two. The Scheme function
magstep
converts a font-size
number to a scaling
factor. The font-size
property can also be set directly,
so that only certain layout objects are affected.
\set fontSize = #3 c4.-> d8---3 \override NoteHead.font-size = #-4 c4.-> d8---3 \override Script.font-size = #2 c4.-> d8---3 \override Stem.font-size = #-5 c4.-> d8---3
Font size changes are achieved by scaling the design size that is
closest to the desired size. The standard font size (for
font-size = #0
) depends on the standard staff height.
For a 20pt staff, a 10pt font is selected.
The font-size
property can only be set on layout objects
that use fonts. These are the ones supporting the
font-interface
layout interface.
Predefined commands
\teeny
,
\tiny
,
\small
,
\normalsize
,
\large
,
\huge
.
See also
Snippets: Editorial annotations.
Internals Reference: font-interface.
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Fingering instructions
Fingering instructions can be entered using ‘note-digit’:
c4-1 d-2 f-4 e-3
Markup texts or strings may be used for finger changes.
c4-1 d-2 f\finger \markup \tied-lyric #"4~3" c\finger "2 - 3"
A thumb-script can be added (e.g. cello music) to indicate that a note should be played with the thumb.
<a_\thumb a'-3>2 <b_\thumb b'-3>
Fingerings for chords can also be added to individual notes by adding them after the pitches.
<c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>2 <d-1 f-2 a-3 c-5>
Fingering instructions may be manually placed above or below the staff, see Direction and placement.
Selected Snippets
Controlling the placement of chord fingerings
The placement of fingering numbers can be controlled precisely. For fingering orientation to apply, you must use a chord construct <> even if it is a single note.
\relative c' { \set fingeringOrientations = #'(left) <c-1 e-3 a-5>4 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(down) <c-1 e-3 a-5>4 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(down right up) <c-1 e-3 a-5>4 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(up) <c-1 e-3 a-5>4 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(left) <c-1>2 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(down) <e-3>2 }
Allowing fingerings to be printed inside the staff
By default, vertically oriented fingerings are positioned outside the staff. However, this behavior can be canceled. Note: you must use a chord construct <>, even if it is only a single note.
\relative c' { <c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>2 \override Fingering.staff-padding = #'() <c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>4 <g'-0> }
Avoiding collisions with chord fingerings
Fingerings and string numbers applied to individual notes will automatically avoid beams and stems, but this is not true by default for fingerings and string numbers applied to the individual notes of chords. The following example shows how this default behavior can be overridden.
\relative c' { \set fingeringOrientations = #'(up) \set stringNumberOrientations = #'(up) \set strokeFingerOrientations = #'(up) % Default behavior r8 <f c'-5>8 <f c'\5>8 <f c'-\rightHandFinger #2 >8 % Corrected to avoid collisions r8 \override Fingering.add-stem-support = ##t <f c'-5>8 \override StringNumber.add-stem-support = ##t <f c'\5>8 \override StrokeFinger.add-stem-support = ##t <f c'-\rightHandFinger #2 >8 }
See also
Notation Reference: Direction and placement.
Snippets: Editorial annotations.
Internals Reference: FingeringEvent, fingering-event, Fingering_engraver, New_fingering_engraver, Fingering.
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Hidden notes
Hidden (or invisible or transparent) notes can be useful in preparing theory or composition exercises.
c4 d \hideNotes e4 f \unHideNotes g a \hideNotes b \unHideNotes c
Note heads, stems, and flags, and rests are invisible. Beams are invisible if they start on a hidden note. Objects that are attached to invisible notes are still visible.
e8(\p f g a)-- \hideNotes e8(\p f g a)--
Predefined commands
\hideNotes
,
\unHideNotes
.
See also
Learning Manual: Visibility and color of objects.
Notation Reference: Invisible rests, Visibility of objects, Hiding staves.
Snippets: Editorial annotations.
Internals Reference: Note_spacing_engraver, NoteSpacing.
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Coloring objects
Individual objects may be assigned colors. Valid color names are listed in the List of colors.
\override NoteHead.color = #red c4 c \override NoteHead.color = #(x11-color 'LimeGreen) d \override Stem.color = #blue e
The full range of colors defined for X11 can be accessed by using
the Scheme function x11-color
. The function takes one
argument; this can be a symbol in the form 'FooBar
or
a string in the form "FooBar"
. The first form is
quicker to write and is more efficient. However, using the second
form it is possible to access X11 colors by the multi-word form of
its name.
If x11-color
cannot make sense of the parameter then the
color returned defaults to black.
\override Staff.StaffSymbol.color = #(x11-color 'SlateBlue2) \set Staff.instrumentName = \markup { \with-color #(x11-color 'navy) "Clarinet" } gis8 a \override Beam.color = #(x11-color "medium turquoise") gis a \override Accidental.color = #(x11-color 'DarkRed) gis a \override NoteHead.color = #(x11-color "LimeGreen") gis a % this is deliberate nonsense; note that the stems remain black \override Stem.color = #(x11-color 'Boggle) b2 cis
Exact RGB colors can be specified using the Scheme function
rgb-color
.
\override Staff.StaffSymbol.color = #(x11-color 'SlateBlue2) \set Staff.instrumentName = \markup { \with-color #(x11-color 'navy) "Clarinet" } \override Stem.color = #(rgb-color 0 0 0) gis8 a \override Stem.color = #(rgb-color 1 1 1) gis8 a \override Stem.color = #(rgb-color 0 0 0.5) gis4 a
See also
Notation Reference:
List of colors, The \tweak
command.
Snippets: Editorial annotations.
Known issues and warnings
An X11 color is not necessarily exactly the same shade as a similarly named normal color.
Not all X11 colors are distinguishable in a web browser, i.e.,
a web browser might not display a difference between LimeGreen
and ForestGreen
. For web use normal colors are recommended
(i.e., blue
, green
, red
).
Notes in a chord cannot be colored with \override
; use
\tweak
instead, see The \tweak
command.
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Parentheses
Objects may be parenthesized by prefixing \parenthesize
to
the music event. When prefixed to a chord, it parenthesizes every
note. Individual notes inside a chord may also be parenthesized.
c2 \parenthesize d c2 \parenthesize <c e g> c2 <c \parenthesize e g>
Non-note objects may be parenthesized as well. For articulations,
a hyphen is needed before the \parenthesize
command.
c2-\parenthesize -. d c2 \parenthesize r
See also
Snippets: Editorial annotations.
Internals Reference: Parenthesis_engraver, ParenthesesItem, parentheses-interface.
Known issues and warnings
Parenthesizing a chord prints parentheses around each individual note, instead of a single large parenthesis around the entire chord.
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Stems
Whenever a note is found, a Stem
object is created
automatically. For whole notes and rests, they are also created but
made invisible.
Stems may be manually placed to point up or down; see Direction and placement.
Predefined commands
\stemUp
,
\stemDown
,
\stemNeutral
.
Selected Snippets
Default direction of stems on the center line of the staff
The default direction of stems on the center line of the staff is set
by the Stem
property neutral-direction
.
\relative c'' { a4 b c b \override Stem.neutral-direction = #up a4 b c b \override Stem.neutral-direction = #down a4 b c b }
Automatically changing the stem direction of the middle note based on the melody
LilyPond can alter the stem direction of the middle note on a staff so
that it follows the melody, by adding the Melody_engraver
to the
Voice context and overriding the neutral-direction
of Stem.
\relative c'' { \time 3/4 \autoBeamOff a8 b g f b g | c b d c b c } \layout { \context { \Voice \consists "Melody_engraver" \override Stem.neutral-direction = #'() } }
See also
Notation Reference: Direction and placement.
Snippets: Editorial annotations.
Internals Reference: Stem_engraver, Stem, stem-interface.
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